朴素贝叶斯算法(Naive Bayesian algorithm)

朴素贝叶斯法是基于贝叶斯定理与特征条件独立假设的分类方法。
最为广泛的两种分类模型是决策树模型(Decision Tree Model)和朴素贝叶斯模型（Naive Bayesian Model，NBM）。和决策树模型相比，朴素贝叶斯分类器(Naive Bayes Classifier 或 NBC)发源于古典数学理论，有着坚实的数学基础，以及稳定的分类效率。同时，NBC模型所需估计的参数很少，对缺失数据不太敏感，算法也比较简单。理论上，NBC模型与其他分类方法相比具有最小的误差率。但是实际上并非总是如此，这是因为NBC模型假设属性之间相互独立，这个假设在实际应用中往往是不成立的，这给NBC模型的正确分类带来了一定影响。
朴素贝叶斯方法是在贝叶斯算法的基础上进行了相应的简化，即假定给定目标值时属性之间相互条件独立。也就是说没有哪个属性变量对于决策结果来说占有着较大的比重，也没有哪个属性变量对于决策结果占有着较小的比重。虽然这个简化方式在一定程度上降低了贝叶斯分类算法的分类效果，但是在实际的应用场景中，极大地简化了贝叶斯方法的复杂性。

Python实现

#创建一个小的实验样本
from numpy import *
def loadDataSet():
    postingList=[['my', 'dog', 'has', 'flea', 'problems', 'help', 'please'],
                 ['maybe', 'not', 'take', 'him', 'to', 'dog', 'park', 'stupid'],
                 ['my', 'dalmation', 'is', 'so', 'cute', 'I', 'love', 'him'],
                 ['stop', 'posting', 'stupid', 'worthless', 'garbage'],
                 ['mr', 'licks', 'ate', 'my', 'steak', 'how', 'to', 'stop', 'him'],
                 ['quit', 'buying', 'worthless', 'dog', 'food', 'stupid']]
    classVec = [0,1,0,1,0,1]    #1是侮辱性词语，0不是
    return postingList,classVec
#创建一个包含在所有文档中出现的不重复词的列表
def createVocabList(dataSet):
    vocabSet = set([])  #create empty set
    for document in dataSet:
        vocabSet = vocabSet | set(document) #union of the two sets
    return list(vocabSet)
#把词汇转换成向量
def setOfWords2Vec(vocabList, inputSet):
    returnVec = [0]*len(vocabList)
    for word in inputSet:
        if word in vocabList:
            returnVec[vocabList.index(word)] = 1 #把侮辱性词汇放在正确的索引值处
        else: print ("the word: %s is not in my Vocabulary!" % word)
    return returnVec
#训练函数
def trainNB0(trainMatrix,trainCategory):
    numTrainDocs = len(trainMatrix)
    numWords = len(trainMatrix[0])
    pAbusive = sum(trainCategory)/float(numTrainDocs)
    p0Num = ones(numWords); p1Num = ones(numWords)      #change to ones() 
    p0Denom = 2.0; p1Denom = 2.0                        #change to 2.0
    for i in range(numTrainDocs):
        if trainCategory[i] == 1:
            p1Num += trainMatrix[i]
            p1Denom += sum(trainMatrix[i])
        else:
            p0Num += trainMatrix[i]
            p0Denom += sum(trainMatrix[i])
    p1Vect = log(p1Num/p1Denom)          #change to log()
    p0Vect = log(p0Num/p0Denom)          #change to log()
    return p0Vect,p1Vect,pAbusive
#朴素贝叶斯分类函数
def classifyNB(vec2Classify, p0Vec, p1Vec, pClass1):
    p1 = sum(vec2Classify * p1Vec) + log(pClass1)    #element-wise mult
    p0 = sum(vec2Classify * p0Vec) + log(1.0 - pClass1)
    if p1 > p0:
        return 1
    else: 
        return 0
def testingNB():
    listOPosts,listClasses = loadDataSet()
    myVocabList = createVocabList(listOPosts)
    trainMat=[]
    for postinDoc in listOPosts:
        trainMat.append(setOfWords2Vec(myVocabList, postinDoc))
    p0V,p1V,pAb = trainNB0(array(trainMat),array(listClasses))
    testEntry = ['love', 'my', 'dalmation']
    thisDoc = array(setOfWords2Vec(myVocabList, testEntry))
    print (testEntry,'classified as: ',classifyNB(thisDoc,p0V,p1V,pAb))
    testEntry = ['stupid', 'garbage']
    thisDoc = array(setOfWords2Vec(myVocabList, testEntry))
    print (testEntry,'classified as: ',classifyNB(thisDoc,p0V,p1V,pAb))
if __name__ == '__main__':
    testingNB()

输出：

['love', 'my', 'dalmation'] classified as:  0
['stupid', 'garbage'] classified as:  1
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